In a report published in April 2018 by the Education Policy Institute, in conjunction with UCL Institute of Education, the authors looked at the performance of disadvantaged pupils in England and the gap between such pupils and their peers. These measures were then compared to those in other developed countries around the world.
How was the term ‘disadvantaged pupils’ defined? For pupils in England, it referred to those eligible for Free School Meals (FSM). This definition was not applicable to other countries, so disadvantaged pupils elsewhere were identified using the Economic, Social and Cultural Status index (ESCS). This was developed for the PISA studies (Programme for International Student Assessment) and is used in other international comparisons of this type.
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