Mamie Phipps Clark, 1968
Mamie Phipps (1917–83) was born in Hot Springs, Arkansas, USA. Although she was from a middle-class family, she was not protected from the social policies of the time and attended a segregated school and was required to use facilities that were reserved for ‘Coloreds Only’.
Despite this discrimination she obtained a degree. Then, with her doctoral thesis, ‘The development of consciousness of self in negro pre-school children’, she started a line of work that would reverberate not just in psychology but also throughout her home country. The studies she conducted were important in bringing segregation to an end in the USA.
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