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Quantum key distribution

Plasmas

The fourth state of matter

Plasmas are sometimes referred to as the ‘fourth state of matter’. But what exactly are plasmas, and why are they interesting? Emma Hume explains this fascinating form of matter and explores some applications

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The terms in bold link to topics in the AQA, Edexcel, OCR, WJEC and CCEA A-level specifications, as well as the IB, Pre-U and SQA exam specifications.

Removing electrons from atoms leaves positively charged ions. These charged particles respond to electric and magnetic fields, and to electromagnetic waves. One application of plasmas is in nuclear fusion, where nuclei collide with enough kinetic energy to overcome Coulomb repulsion, resulting in the release of energy due to differences in the binding energy of nuclei.

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