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The Boltzmann factor

The terms in bold link to topics in the AQA, Edexcel, OCR, WJEC and CCEA A-level specifications, as well as the IB, Pre-U and Highers/Advanced Highers exam specifications.

Lots of events only happen if the molecules or particles involved have enough energy. What decides whether they do or not? The answer is the Boltzmann factor. This article explains why, and gives examples of its many uses.

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Little Boy

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Classifying galaxies

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