To explain the meaning of the term ‘causality’ in geography we can paraphrase the words of the scientist Sir Isaac Newton: ‘for every action, there is a reaction’. Causality is the relationship between cause and effect.
Across geography, in both physical and human contexts, we recognise that a variety of processes result in change. These changes have impacts, which in turn have consequences. The consequences may be beneficial or damaging. If they are problematic, they need to be addressed. Either way the consequences must be managed effectively, although there may be disagreement over the best form of management and this may generate conflict (Figure 1).
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