As with human health, there are two basic approaches to dealing with water pollution: prevention and cure. In the good old days, no one much bothered about prevention of pollution at source, perhaps because it was thought impossible to control remote sources of pollution upstream. Instead, the focus was on treatment of water downstream, where it was taken out of the river, before being supplied to customers.
More recently, it has been realised that prevention of pollution at source is a viable option, provided there is some realistic mechanism to control the problem. Two main ways exist:
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