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HOW SCIENCE WORKS

Water softening by ion exchange

Jeffrey Deakin explains why hard water occurs and how it can be softened

Hard water deposits can restrict the effectiveness of devices like electric kettles
© Pixel-Shot/stock.adobe.com

This ‘How science works’ links to the following A-level topics:

■ endothermic and exothermic processes

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Previous

Chemical wonders of fungi

Next

Green, green grass

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