No physical injury and no physical contact with victim (V) = assault (s.39 Criminal Justice Act 1988).
• Causing = words or actions or both (Read v Coker, 1853). Can include written communication in any form or even silence (Ireland, 1997; Constanza, 1997; Ramos, 2000).
Your organisation does not have access to this article.
Sign up today to give your students the edge they need to achieve their best grades with subject expertise
Subscribe